Yeasts play an important role in nature, and soil is one of the largest reservoirs of yeasts. Seventy-seven yeast strains were isolated from southern Chilean volcanic ash soil. These 77 strains were composed of 30 strains derived from soils used as permanent grassland, 30 strains from rotating grassland, and 17 strains from native forest (considered as the control). These strains were identified using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) in conjunction with ITS-5.8S rDNA sequencing. Additionally, a physiological characterization of the assimilation of carbon and nitrogen and the fermentation of sugars was performed. Various features of the strains were evaluated including their growth in vinasse medium, nitrogen and phosphorus content, and lipid production. Lastly, the use of strains as biofertilizers was analyzed via the cultivation of bell pepper seedlings in soil. From the RFLP profiles, the 77 strains clustered into 10 groups. Of these, only three groups could be identified to the species level, and another was classified to the level of genus (Devaryomyces hansenii, Pichia fermentan, Kazachstania exigua, Candida sp.). All strains grew in vinasse medium. Six strains (PP1, PP4, PR4, PR10, PR27 and PR29) showed a high capacity to accumulate lipids, and three strains (PP1, PP21 and PR28) have the potential to be used as biofertilizers.

While arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in Chile have been widely documented in agro-ecosystems, there is a knowledge gap regarding AM fungal diversity in Chilean temperate rainforests. AM fungal communities of these forests are affected by several factors: the mountain systems of Chile (Coastal Range or Andes Mountains), the mycorrhizal dominance of the forest (either ectomycorrhizal -EM- or AM), soil chemistry, and altitude. We tested the effects of mountain system, mycorrhizal dominance, soil chemistry, and altitude on AM fungal diversity. From 7,120 AM fungal spores recovered, we identified 14 species, that were found in 41 soil samples collected from 14 plots located in EM and AM forests of the Coastal Range and Andes Mountains of Southern Chile. Mountain system and mycorrhizal dominance affected AM fungal community composition, although neither fungal richness nor abundance were affected. Soil Olsen available P, Ca, Mg, and Na were the edaphic variables structuring AM fungal community composition. There was no relationship between altitude and AM fungal richness, however at high altitudes there was higher abundance. Finally, with this and other studies, a total of 59 AM fungal species, many of which were previously registered exclusively in agroecosystems, are registered on the Chilean AM fungal species list.

By reducing soil organic matter and litter input, land-use changes are predicted to decrease total soil fungal diversity, but at functional levels this have been poorly studied. It is expected, though, that increasing disturbance decreases saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi biodiversity. This study aimed to determine the effects of land-use changes on the phylogenetic and functional diversity of soil fungi in the Southern Andes. We assessed the fungal communities of Andosol topsoil at 1 cm and 10 cm soil depth. The soil samples were obtained from a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance; specifically, plots were located within pristine forest, overstory-managed, and clear-cut conditions. We used a cultivation-independent molecular barcoding approach to assess fungal diversity and identify 1,173 OTUs from which 401 were assigned to a functional guild. While we found higher phylogenetic richness in clear-cut conditions, these soils had higher relative abundances of plant pathogen fungi and lower relative abundances of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi compared to the other treatments. The opposite pattern was found in pristine forest. Thus, fungal species richness itself does not seem to reflect ecosystem health. Interestingly though, the lower phylogenetic diversity found in pristine forest was compensated by a higher diversity of fungi involved in nutrient cycling.

Southern Chilean pristine temperate rainforests have been floristically stable during the Holocene, thus representing a pre-industrial baseline of forest ecology. Given this and its edaphic limitations, it is imperative to better understand these forests ecological patterns of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Therefore, here we compare the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) communities in three tree line Nothofagus pumilio contrasting plots of Chilean Andes (a volcano crater, pristine forest, and disturbed forest). The AM community assemblages were determined by morphological identification and spore counting, in three A horizon soil samples by plot. In the same nine soil samples, standard chemical analysis was performed. Eighteen AM species were described; Acaulospora was the most abundant genus. The forest plot had the highest AM species richness compared to the disturbed and crater plots. Interestingly, soils Olsen P (plant available phosphorus), pH, and Al+++ saturation similarly affected the AM assemblages. We suggest that some AM species could be specially adapted to extremely high Al saturation and extremely low plant available P conditions, as those experienced on Andean Nothofagus forests. These species may help initiate biological succession on highly disturbed ecosystems. We suggest that mycorrhizal fungi play a key role in seedling colonization of extreme environments such as the Andean tree line.

BACKGROUND: Maritime Antarctica is severely affected by climate change and accelerating glacier retreat forming temporal gradients of soil development. Successional patterns of soil development and plant succession in the region are largely unknown, as are the feedback mechanisms between both processes. Here we identify three temporal gradients representing horizontal and vertical glacier retreat, as well as formation of raised beaches due to isostatic uplift, and describe soil formation and plant succession along them. Our hypotheses are (i) plants in Antarctica are able to modulate the two base parameters in soil development, organic C content and pH, along the temporal gradients, leading to an increase in organic carbon and soil acidity at relatively short time scales, (ii) the soil development induces succession along these gradients, and (iii) with increasing soil development, bryophytes and Deschampsia antarctica develop mycorrhiza in maritime Antarctica in order to foster interaction with soil RESULTS: All temporal gradients showed soil development leading to differentiation of soil horizons, carbon accumulation and increasing pH with age. Photoautptroph succession occurred rapidly after glacier retreat, but occurrences of mosses and lichens interacting with soils by rhizoids or rhizines were only observed in the later stages. The community of ground dwelling mosses and lichens is the climax community of soil succession, as the Antarctic hairgrass D. antarctica was restricted to ornithic soils. Neither D. antarctica nor mosses at the best developed soils showed any sign of mycorrhization CONCLUSION: Temporal gradients formed by glacier retreat can be identified in maritime Antarctic, where soil development and plant succession of a remarkable pace can be observed, although pseudo-succession occurs by fertilization gradients caused by bird feces. Thus, the majority of ice-free surface in Antarctica is colonized by plant communities which interact with soil by litter input rather than by direct transfer of photoassimilates to soil

In high-altitude montane forests, the vascular plants undergo mycorrhizal symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi as a strategy to face extreme soil and climate conditions. In this study, glomalin content related to soil proteins (GRSP) was studied, an insoluble glycoprotein produced by hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and deposited on the soil, four years after a wildfire of variable severity, in Araucaria araucana forest in south-central Chile (38° S). For the previously stated, the aim proposed was to determine the content of this glycoprotein as well as to evaluate and relate the composition of soil organic matter to the content of this glycoprotein. Samples were collected at different depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm, respectively) from areas presenting various fire severities (low, medium and high) and an unburned soil area (control soil). Furthermore, composition and structure of soil organic matter was studied by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of 13C (NMR 13C). As main results, total GRSP concentration showed significant differences between the burned soil and the control soil. A significant correlation between the composition of the organic matter and GRSP was found. The high concentration of GRSP obtained in burned forests could answer to an ecological-evolutionary strategy from the Araucaria araucana forest in their adaptation to both a soil with low nutrient availability and to periodical fire catastrophic events; suggesting their key role in the recovery of these ecosystems and should be considered in restauration programs.

En bosques de alta montaña, las plantas vasculares establecen simbiosis con hongos micorrícicos como una estrategia a condiciones edafo-climáticas extremas. En este estudio, se analizó el contenido de glomalina relacionada a las proteínas del suelo (GRSP), una glicoproteína producida por hongos micorrícicos arbusculares y depositada en el suelo, después de cuatro años de ocurrido un incendio de severidad variable en un bosque de Araucaria araucana en el Centro-Sur de Chile (38°S). Para lo anterior, se propuso como objetivo determinar el contenido de esta glicoproteína en el suelo así como evaluar y relacionar la composición de la materia orgánica con el contenido de esta. Se analizó muestras de suelo a distintas profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 y 20-30 cm, respectivamente) en sectores con diversos niveles de severidad de incendio (baja, media, alta) y un área no afectada por el incendio (control). Adicionalmente, se estudió la estructura y composición de la materia orgánica mediante espectrometría de resonancia magnética nuclear del 13C (13C RMN). Como principales resultados, la concentración de GRSP mostró diferencias significativas entre el suelo quemado y suelo control. Se encontró una significativa correlación entre la composición de la materia orgánica y GRSP. La alta concentración de GRSP en los bosques quemados, podría responder a una estrategia ecológico-evolutiva de los bosques de A. araucana en su adaptación a suelos con limitantes nutricionales y sometidos a eventos catastróficos periódicos de incendios, que sugieren su rol clave en la recuperación de estos ecosistemas y deberían ser considerados en programas de restauración.

We studied the anatomy of the adventitious structures that Saxegothaea conspicua Lindl. develops inside of the stem during its senescence stages in old-growth temperate forest; by scanning electronic microscopy, we evaluated the hypothesis whether those structures correspond to adventitious roots. The results confirm that the anatomical structures are similar to a common roots system at first development stages. We discuss the possible functional implications of these adventitious roots in extend the life of the individuals in forests.

A study was undertaken to determine the influence of nitrogen application on the production of basidiocarps and diversity of the Agaricales s.l. in a Nothofagus obliqua forest of Chile. Six plots were established in the studied area: four plots were fertilized with 10 g m-2 of NH4NO3, and the others were used as controls (unfertilized). There basidiocarps were collected and counted; also microclimatic and soil chemical properties were measured during one year from March 2002. The highest number of saprotrophic, ectomycorrhizal and parasitic species of Agaricales s.l. was found. However, the number of taxa and basidiocarps depended on the concentration of NO3. In the control plots (3.400 mg kg-1 of NO3), 12 ectomycorrhizal species (with an average of 49 basidiocarps), 28 saprotrophic species (average of 146 basidiocarps) and one parasitic species (average of 7 basidiocarps) were found. Fertilized plots (9.350 mg kg-1 of NO3) had three ectomycorrhizal species (average of five basidiocarps) and 18 saprotrophic species (average of 96 basidiocarps). Cortinarius vaginatus was the only ectomycorrhizal species found in fertilized plots. Five species previously unknown to the N. obliqua forests of Chile were found: Cortinarius pseudoclaricolor, C. vaginatus, Inocybe geophyllomorpha, Mycena austroavenacea and M. sanguinolenta. Nitrogen fertilization treatment decreased diversity and density of Agaricales s.l. in N. obliqua forest.

Se realizó un estudio para determinar la influencia de la fertilización nitrogenada sobre la abundancia y diversidad de basidiocarpos de Agaricales s.l. de un bosque de Nothofagus obliqua en Paillaco, región de Los Ríos, Chile. En el área de estudio se establecieron seis parcelas (15 x 15 m), cuatro de ellas fueron fertilizadas con nitrato de amonio (NH4NO3) (10 g m-2) y dos se dejaron como controles. Recuentos y recolección de basidiocarpos se realizaron desde marzo del 2002 a marzo de 2003. También se determinaron algunas variables microclimáticas y química del suelo. Durante mayo, en las parcelas controles y fertilizadas se encontró el mayor número de especies de Agaricales s.l. micorrízicas, saprofitas y parásitas. El número de especies y basidiocarpos fue dependiente de la concentración de nitrógeno nítrico en el suelo. En las parcelas control (NO3-N: 3.400 mg kg-1 de suelo) se registraron 12 especies ectomicorrízicas (con un promedio de 49 basidiocarpos), 28 saprofitas (promedio de 146 basidiocarpos) y una parásita (promedio de 7 basidiocarpos). Para las parcelas fertilizadas (NO3-N: 9.350 mg kg-1 de suelo) se registraron tres especies ectomicorrízicas (promedio de cinco basidiocarpos) y 18 saprótroficas (promedio de 96 basidiocarpos). Cortinarius vaginatus es la única especie ectomicorrízica encontrada en todas las parcelas fertilizadas. En el presente estudio se registraron cinco especies no citadas para los bosques de N. obliqua de Chile, estas son: Cortinarius pseudoclaricolor, C. vaginatus, Inocybe geophyllomorpha Mycena austroavenecea y M. sanguinolenta. La fertilización nitrogenada disminuyó la densidad y diversidad de Agaricales s.l. en bosque de N. obliqua.

Introduction: A significant proportion of water for human consumption has an underground origin becoming 80% in Chilean rural areas where profound wells represent the only search of water for human and animal beverage. Aim: To study the microbiological quality of water from agricultural land for livestock production in the province of Valdivia (40°S), Chile and its potential impact on human health. Material and Method: Water samples were collected monthly (2008 - 2009), at the entrance and exit of a water stream running through the field and in well water used for human and animal consumption. The total coliform (Tc) and Escherichia coli were determined by the confirmatory method Quanti-Tray together with other physicochemical assessments in the water and climatic variables. Results: In samples from the stream water and wells, the Most Probable Number of Tc and E. coli exceeded the standard Chilean Norm of Water Quality (NCh 409/1) for human consumption. Conclusion: These results show the need to regulate the environmental impact of farming and cattle production and to monitor the drinking water to meet the minimum standards of health protection.

Introducción: Parte importante del agua para consumo humano corresponde a agua subterránea, alcanzando un 80% en áreas rurales de Chile, donde los pozos profundos son la única fuente de agua de bebida para consumo humano y animal. Objetivo: Estudiar la calidad microbiológica del agua de un predio agrícola-ganadero en la provincia de Valdivia (40° S), Chile, y su posible impacto en la salud humana. Material y Método: Muestras de agua fueron recolectadas mensualmente (2008-2009), a la entrada y salida de un estero que atraviesa el predio y en agua de pozos usadas para consumo humano y animal. Las especies coliformes totales (Ct) y Escherichia coli se determinaron por el método confirmativo Quanti-Tray, se evaluaron variables físico-químicas del agua y climáticas del sitio. Resultados: En las muestras de agua del estero y pozos el número más probable de Ct y E. coli sobrepasaron la norma chilena de calidad del agua (NCh 409/1) para consumo humano. Conclusión: Estos resultados muestran la necesidad de regular el impacto ambiental de la actividad agrícola-ganadera y monitorear el agua de bebida para cumplir con los estándares mínimos de protección de la salud.

South Chilean forest ecosystems represent one of the largest areas of old-growth temperate rainforests remaining in the Southern hemisphere and have a high ecological value, but suffer from deforestation, invasion by exotic species, fragmentation, and increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. To support sustainable forest management, more knowledge is required on nutrient cycling of these ecosystems. Therefore, a descriptive study of nutrient dynamics was done in four Valdivian rainforests in the lower Andes range of south Chile: old-growth and altered evergreen stands and unmanaged and managed secondary deciduous stands. Time series were measured for (i) mass (four year) and nutrient content (N, K, Ca, and Mg; one year) of litterfall, (ii) decomposition and nutrient dynamics (N, C, K, Ca, Mg, and P; one year) of leaf litter and Saxegothaea conspicua bark litter, and (iii) in situ topsoil net N mineralization (one year). Litterfall in the four stands ranged from 3.5 to 5.8 ton ha-1 yr-1, was temporarily lower in the managed than in the unmanaged deciduous stand and had a different seasonality in the evergreen stands than in the deciduous stands. Leaf litter decomposed faster (on average 32 % mass loss after one year) than bark litter (8 %) but without significant differences between leaf litter types. Net N in evergreen leaf litter decreased during decomposition but increased in deciduous leaf litter. Net soil N mineralization was fastest in the pristine evergreen stand, intermediate in the deciduous stands and slowest in the altered evergreen forest. Given the absence of replicated stands, the definite impact of forest type or management regime on the internal nutrient cycling cannot be demonstrated. Nevertheless, the results suggest that management can affect nutrient turnover by altering species composition and forest structure, while recent (five years) selective logging in secondary deciduous forest did not affect litter decomposition or N mineralization rates in the present study.

Los ecosistemas forestales del sur de Chile presentan un gran valor ecológico pues constituyen una de las mayores áreas del hemisferio Sur con existencias de bosques templados lluviosos. Están sometidos a procesos de deforestación, invasión de especies exóticas, fragmentación e incremento de depositación de nitrógeno (N) atmosférico. Para apoyar su manejo sustentable se requiere de mayor conocimiento en el ciclo de nutrientes de estos ecosistemas. Se estudia la dinámica de nutrientes en cuatro sitios de bosques lluviosos valdivianos de la precordillera de los Andes, centro-sur de Chile: un bosque siempreverde de antiguo crecimiento prístino y otro alterado, un bosque caducifolio secundario con manejo silvícola y otro sin. Durante el período octubre 2002 -septiembre 2006, se estimaron (i) masa de la hojarasca (cuatro años) y contenido de nutrientes de la hojarasca (un año), (ii) descomposición y dinámica de nutrientes de hojarasca (un año) y de la corteza de Saxegothaea conspicua, y (iii) mineralización neta de nitrógeno (N-min) en el suelo in situ (un año). El aporte de hojarasca en los cuatro sitios fluctúa desde 3.5 hasta 5.8 ton ha-1 año-1, y es temporalmente menor en bosque caducifolio manejado, respecto del caducifolio sin manejo. Además, presentan una estacionalidad en los siempreverdes que es diferente, respecto de los deciduos. La hojarasca se descompone más rápidamente (promedio 32 % pérdida de masa después de un año) que la corteza (8 %), pero no se presentaron diferencias significativas en la hojarasca. El N neto en la hojarasca de los bosques siempreverdes disminuye durante la descomposición, pero se incrementa en la hojarasca de los deciduos. La N-mineralización neta del suelo fue completa en el bosque siempreverde prístino, intermedia en los bosques deciduos y el más baja en el bosque siempreverde alterado. Dada la ausencia de réplicas en las parcelas, no puede ser demostrado el impacto definido del tipo de bosque o régimen de manejo en el ciclo interno de nutrientes. Sin embargo, los resultados sugieren que el manejo silvícola puede afectar el reciclaje de nutrientes por la alteración en la composición de especies y estructura del bosque, aun cuando en el bosque secundario deciduo una extracción selectiva de madera en tiempo reciente (cinco años), no afecta la descomposición de la hojarasca o los montos de mineralización del nitrógeno.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do resfriamento regional na redução da temperatura cerebral (TeCe) e pressão intracraniana (PIC) após falha das medidas clínicas convencionais de tratamento. MÉTODO: O resfriamento cerebral foi realizado com bolsas com gelo, colocadas sobre a área de craniectomia (método regional) em 23 doentes. A TeCe e PIC foram verificadas com sensor de fibra óptica. Treze (56,52%) eram do sexo feminino. A idade variou de 16 a 83 anos (média 48,96). A pontuação média no índice APACHE II foi 25 pontos (11-35). Os doentes foram submetidos, em média, a 61,7 horas (20-96) de resfriamento regional. RESULTADOS: Houve uma redução significativa da TeCe média (p<0,0001-de 37,1ºC para 35,2ºC) e da PIC média (p=0,0001-de 28 mmHg para 13 mmHg). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados sugerem que o resfriamento regional foi eficaz no controle da PIC nos doentes submetidos, previamente, a craniectomia descompressiva.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of regional cooling for reducing brain temperature (BrTe) and intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients where conventional clinical treatment has failed. METHOD: Regional cooling was carried out using ice bags covering the area of the craniectomy (regional method) in 23 patients. The BrTe and ICP were determined using a fiber optic sensor. Thirteen patients (56.52%) were female. The ages ranged from 16 to 83 years (mean of 48.9). The mean APACHE II score was 25 points (11-35). The patients were submitted, on mean, to 61.7 hours (20-96) of regional cooling. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in mean BrTe (p<0.0001-from 37.1ºC to 35.2ºC) and mean ICP (p=0.0001-from 28 mmHg to 13 mmHg). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that mild brain hypothermia induced by regional cooling was effective in the control of ICP in patients who had previously undergone decompressive craniectomy.

In Chile, commercial forests plantations have increased during the last decades due in part to replacement of native forests and conversion of agricultural soils. Pinus radiata D. Don has been the main tree planted, due to its rapid growth and adaptability. In the present study we proposed that biological activity varies along the year due to changes of precipitation, temperature and soil water content and mainly because the conversion of native forest to exotic P. radiata plantations alters the soil chemistry, N and C mineralization and the potential enzymatic activity in these soils. This hypothesis was examined in a Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb) Oerst forest and P. radiata plantation in central-southern Chile (40°07' S, 72° W). In this study, the rate of nitrogen mineralization (N-min), carbon mineralization (C-min) and the potential enzymatic activity of soils (urease, protease and fluorecein diacetate hydrolysis) were determined between September 2003 and May 2005. Results showed that soil biological activity was significantly different between forest and plantations (Wilk's Lambda = 0.022; F> 5,80 = 733, P < 0,0001), and among the months (Wilk's Lambda = 0.01 E-6, F100,395 = 84, P < 0,0001), with vaiues for N. obliqua forest significantly higher (Tukey < 0.01) than those for P. radiata plantation. N-min and C-min rates showed seasonal variability with the higher values in spring and summer months. For enzymatic activity there was not a clear seasonal variation. The higher values of C and N-min and enzymatic activity in the N. obliqua forest could be explained by differences in composition and chemistry of litter. Consequently, P. radiata plantation changed soil chemistry and C/N ratio resulting in lower decomposition rates of organic matter and in consequence, reduced mineralization of C and N and soil biological activity compared to the original soil of N. obliqua forest.

En Chile, el establecimiento de plantaciones comerciales de rápido crecimiento ha sido sostenido en las últimas décadas mediante la sustitución de bosques nativos y conversión de suelos agrícolas. Pinus radiata D. Don es la principal especie productiva, debido a su crecimiento acelerado y adaptabilidad al clima y los suelos. En el presente estudio se plantea que la actividad biológica del suelo es variable a través del año, en respuesta a variaciones de precipitación, temperatura y contenido de humedad de suelo y que el cambio de uso de suelo desde un bosque templado de Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb) Oerst a una plantación con coniferas exóticas, modifica la química del suelo y consecuentemente los procesos de N-min, C-min y la actividad biológica del suelo. Esta hipótesis fue examinada en un bosque de N. obliqua y una plantación de P. radiata del centro-sur de Chile (40°07' S, 72° O). Se evaluó mensualmente la tasa mineralización de nitrógeno (N-min), cabono (C-min) y la actividad enzimática potencial del suelo (ureasa, proteasa e hidrólisis de la fluoresceína diacetato) entre septiembre 2003 y mayo 2005. Los resultados demuestran que los niveles de las variables de actividad biológica del suelo fueron significativamente diferentes entre las parcelas de bosque y plantación (Lambda de Wilk = 0,022; F 5,80 = 733; P < 0,0001) y entre los meses (Lambda de Wilk = 2,01E-6; F 100 ,395 = 84; P < 0,0001), siendo la actividad biológica mayor en el suelo de bosque de N. obliqua que en la plantación de P. radiata. Las tasas de N-min y C-min presentaron un comportamiento estacional, con los mayores montos en los meses de primavera-verano. Sin embargo, las actividades enzimáticas no mostraron una clara variación estacional. Los mayores valores de mineralización y actividad enzimática en el bosque de N. obliqua, se deberían a la composición y características químicas de la hojarasca. Producto del cambio de uso de suelo y manejo silvícola, la plantación de P. radiata cambia la química y la relación C/N del suelo con una menor tasa de descomposición de la materia orgánica, y como consecuencia, los procesos de mineralización (C, N), la actividad biológica y retorno de nutrientes al suelo se reducen en comparación con el bosque de N. obliqua.

At present, reforestation has focused on native forests with anthropogenic intervention and eroded soils. There is interest in producing Nothofagus seedlings which can overcome adverse conditions encountered on reforestation sites. It is necessary to find new fungi that can be utilized as mycorrhizal inoculants and that enable the seedlings to increase their tolerance to adverse conditions. Two ectomycorrhizal strains of the fungus Descolea antarctica (D1 and D2) were cultured at different temperatures, pH levels and the activities of amylases, cellulases, and phosphatases were determined. In greenhouse and nursery trials, the growth responses of inoculated Nothofagus obliqua seedlings were evaluated. D1 and D2 exhibited the highest growth rates at 23ºC. Both strains grew at pH levels from 4 to 11. The highest enzymatic activities were registered for amylase (57.2 mg glucose/ml * g of mycelium * hr) and acid phosphatases (58.1 mg p-nitrophenol/ml * g of mycelium * hr) at 37ºC, and acid phospatases (1.720 mg p-nitrophenol/ml * g of mycelium * hr) and alkaline phosphatases (1.360 mg p-nitrophenol/ml * g of mycelium * hr) at pH 4 and pH 11, respectively. We conclude that suitable N. obliqua seedlings for use in reforestation were obtained using D2 as inoculant.